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Antibiotics are drugs that are undoubtedly effective in treating bacterial infections. At the same time, according to the World Health Organization, antibiotic resistance is considered one of the main threats to public health. This phenomenon is underestimated not only by patients but also by doctors, which can have global consequences, including increased mortality due to minor infections.
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What are antibiotics? What are they prescribed for?
Antibiotics are substances used to treat infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms. These compounds are often of natural origin (produced by certain bacteria, fungi) or synthetic (having no natural analogue). The main task of antibiotics is to suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria and, accordingly, help the body get rid of an infectious disease. It is also noteworthy that some antibiotics have an antifungal effect, but there is no antibiotic that works against viruses.
Types of antibiotics: what you need to know
Today, antibiotics with different names and properties are available on the pharmacological market. They differ in their chemical structure, form of release, and, of course, cost. But in general, they can be divided into three types:
- Natural antibiotics. They are produced by certain microorganisms - these can be various types of fungi and mold. One of the brightest representatives is penicillin - the first drug that proved effective against many bacterial infections.
- Semi-synthetic antibiotics. They were isolated from microorganisms and then chemically modified. Semi-synthetic antibiotics include semi-synthetic penicillins and cephalosporins.
- Synthetic antibiotics. They have their prototypes in the natural environment, but they are completely created by human hands. They have a wide range of activity and, unlike natural penicillin, are much less likely to cause an allergic reaction.
In medicine, other criteria for classifying antibiotics are also used, as a rule, they are associated with the properties of the drug:
- Degree of absorption. Antibiotics are absorbed into the body from the intestines to a certain extent. Therefore, some antibiotics are prescribed for oral administration, and some only for injection. Antibiotics that are well absorbed from the digestive system include macrolides, chloramphenicol, and tetracyclines, so they are effective when taken orally. Drugs such as ampicillin and lincomycin are absorbed much less, so they must be administered intramuscularly to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.
- Easy tissue penetration. Some antibiotics penetrate tissue very quickly, while others do so slowly. This criterion limits the use of selected antibiotics for certain infections. The factors that determine the tissue penetration rate are the antibiotic molecule's lipophilicity and the substance's ability to bind to blood proteins. For example, tetracyclines and macrolides are antibiotics that quickly penetrate tissue, which contributes to an active therapeutic effect.
- The route of elimination of antibiotics. Most antibiotics are excreted from the body with urine, some with bile. When selecting antibiotics for a specific patient, one should consider his chronic diseases, especially those associated with impaired renal function. Otherwise, you can aggravate kidney disease and provoke complications.
When should you use antibiotics?
Antibiotics are prescribed when diagnosing an infection of bacterial origin (in some cases, an antibiotic is prescribed for fungal diseases). Prescribing an antibiotic for a viral pathology is possible only if complications develop, namely, the addition of a bacterial infection. A striking example is the development of purulent tonsillitis against the background of SARS.
Knowing the causative agent of the infection, the doctor selects an antibiotic with a narrow spectrum of action, that is, affecting a small specific group of microorganisms. If a mixed infection is likely, broad-spectrum antibiotics are used. When prescribing a specific antibiotic, the doctor is also guided by several individual factors, ranging from the age and general condition of the patient to the possibility of severe allergic reactions. Some drugs in this group can be toxic to the liver or kidneys and even damage hearing. For these reasons, antibiotics should only be taken under the supervision of a doctor and with a prescription.
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